Technology in the Movie Gattaca Essay Example For Students

Technology in the Movie Gattaca Essay The film Gattaca explores the possibilities of future technology development, and the way in which these advances would affect society. For example, would a society composed of two distinct social classes, and the inequality between them really be an advance? Those who are not genetically manipulated to so –called perfection in a lab, but naturally conceived, are given the name ‘in-valid’ ‘god children’ or ‘de-gene-erates’ , and are treated as second class. Natural conception in the ‘not too distant future’ is rejected in the society of Gattaca, with genetic manipulation seen as â€Å"what has become the natural way†. Due to the discrimination of in-valids, what would present day’s multiculturalism and racial diversity be in a time such as that of Gattaca? Would the importance of individuality or personal identity be discarded? As Vincent tells the viewer: â€Å"Today we have discrimination down to a science†. Gattaca’s plot and character portrayal asks the viewer this, showing us that unique genetic makeup wouldn’t matter- infact, personal qualities would be scrutinised, pushed aside and unwanted. We will write a custom essay on Technology in the Movie Gattaca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is clear that director Andrew Niccol aims to inform the viewer of this through such examples as Irene’s heart defect which doesn’t allow her to pursue her dream, even though she is a valid. Another example is Vincent’s only way to be accepted into society is to lie and assume a valid’s identity. Technology enables Vincent to do so, but infact it is technology that first leads to Vincent’s rejection from his surrounding world, as he was naturally conceived, and therefore is constant suffering under the burden to somehow be equally accepted. I believe Niccol’s message to the viewer is that in order to truly benefit from the power to change the environment, such as advances in technology giving us the ability to genetically manipulate, we first have to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of our actions to fully understand them. For instance, we must ask ourselves should equality, ambition and individuality be traded for catergorisation in an institutional system with distinction. If we were to live in a future such as that of Gattaca, wouldn’t we lose more than we would gain? Explain the meaning of the quotes in the pre-exposition sequence. Which of these quotes is best supported by the film text? Consider God’s handiwork: who can straighten what he hath made crooked? Ecclesiastes 7:11 I feel this quote is the moral to be learnt within the film’s plot, as it asks the viewer ‘why fix what isn’t broken? ’ In the society of Gattaca, wealth determines fate; what parents can afford decides how ‘perfect’ their child will be. This raises the issue of in-valids’ separation from valids (and the whole surrounding society), and the suffocation of in-valids’ desires. This can be referred to with Vincent, as his longing to journey to space. The social hierarchy and racial differences in Gattaca therefore leave in-valids ultimately no reason to live. For instance, Vincent didn’t have high expectations set on him by his parents as he was an in-valid, but still managed to pursue his dreams- only by following society’s mould (appearing as a valid). This quote represents the idea that imperfections should be appreciated rather than dismissed, and that nature, despite its flaws is preferable to a genetically engineered existence due to its consequences. The viewer is shown that the importance of individualism in nature is too valuable and complex to be overridden by genetics. I therefore feel that this quote more strongly supports the film’s plot and character portrayal. I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to. William Gaylin .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .postImageUrl , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:hover , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:visited , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:active { border:0!important; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:active , .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78 .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u390d47fbf272acdb08b5f8d089231d78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About TechnologyThis quote, contradicting the previous, represents the opposing opinion that perhaps God himself is not perfect, as He created a flawed world, and that having the ability to change it means we should change it. The need to perfect Mother Nature is a temptation, which increases whilst technology continues to make this ability even more obtainable. By showing the viewer what the future may bring, Niccol is hinting that society is being constantly challenged whether to interfere with what has been provided for us even today, and that these early signs may lead to such manipulating in Gattaca along with its consequences. Surely we should take advantage of technological advances, but will correcting God’s mistakes really result in a more beneficial outcome? This quote is representing what is presented to the viewer directly through the film’s plot and character portrayal, asking the advantages of humans adopting a God-like power to be considered. But due to the â€Å"blurred line between health and enhancement† that Niccol informs us of, a constant need to perfect will always be present.

Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essays

Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essays Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essay Dell New Horizons Case Analysis Essay Dell-New Horizons HBS case-9-502-022 Introduction As a consecutively successful and fast-growing company, Dell’s management got the pressure of maintaining the rapid growth. On the other hand, the hyper-growth in the PC industry over-drafted some growth potential in the coming years and the bubble of the internet economy burst so the speed of the growth would slow down. Since March 2000, Dell’s performance in market capitalization and stock prices had got a slump. In addition, competitions were becoming ferocious so Dell frequently lowered its prices, lowering profit margins as well. Therefore, how to maintain a 30% growth in revenues and earnings year after year was a challenge to Dell. Dell faced the options such as product growth, service growth and international markets growth. In the product growth section, personal computers, workstations, servers and storage were the portfolio. Whether to enter new product categories such as high-end servers, external storage and enterprise services was on the table for the management. The financial constraint was $7. 9 billion in cash on its balance sheet. (In 2000, net income + average growth on liabilities=$ 5,146 million). In this analysis, we will scrutinize the growth options and Dell’s ability in certain fields to make sure which options are suitable for it. Finally, we will lay out a prospective plan to pursue growth. Analysis Dell’s success relies on the growing market of PC industry, its business model and its superior ability to execute to sustain the business model. Dell Direct model was about low cost, direct customer relationships and virtual integration. It was a high velocity, efficient distribution system characterized by build-to-order manufacturing, and products and services targeted at specific market segments. From mail orders and phone orders to internet orders processing, Dell has a long history and experience in direct selling, making it difficult for competitors to imitate. Personal computers This is the biggest segment with $ 217 billion in 2000. It was almost 75% of Dell’s revenues and the market still grew at 10% even though it slowed down from a speed of 20%. It was very important so Dell still need to work hard on this field. Further prices cutting might get some players out of this game while it would harm Dell as well. Dell’s operating incomes on sales were 9% in 1999, 8% in 2000, and 5% in 2001. Without new effective ways to cut costs down further, prices cutting would harm the industry and Dell itself. Dell can expand in this segment by focus on small and medium businesses. International markets such as Asia/Pacific and Japan are main fields to grow. Dell already did a good job in relationship business, producing 60% Dell’s U. S revenues. While in small and medium businesses, Dell had enough space to expand because only 30% of U. S revenue was from this segment and small and medium businesses are countless. Workstations This is the smallest segment in Dell’s products portfolio. The market was $9. 2 billion in 2000 worldwide. Dell already got 36. 8% in U. S and 29. 6% worldwide. With the increasing of Windows-based workstations, Dell’s share can be expected to grow. This segment can contribute revenues to Dell while Dell should not allocate too many resources on it. Servers This is the second largest segment. It was $69 billion in 2000 and kept 7% growth per year. SIAS enjoyed annual growth in excess of 30% and Dell played in SIAS arena and had 25. 5% share in 2001. Therefore, Dell’s management considered entering high-end servers. It is reasonable because Dell had no market share in high-end servers. Storage This market was $69 billion in 2000 and kept 23% growth per year. The industry trend was that NAS and SAN were getting two-thirds of the market while DAS would fall to one-thirds from 70%. Dell’s products mainly were NAS with cheaper prices than competitors’ such as Compaq, Network Appliance and Sun N8200. Dell also allied with EMC by selling its CLARiiON line of products. This is a good idea because Dell can acquire experience and expertise in SAN products and know more about EMC. Manufacturing is easy while selling is difficult. Dell had powerful direct sales force in medium and small business and government accounts. After Dell gets technology, experience and expertise in SAN, it can get into this field. From 1996 to 2001, Dell’s profit margin on sales was 8% in 1998 and 1999, the highest, while it was 1% in 1997 and 2001, the lowest. On the other hand, EMC’s profit margin on sales was 20% in 2000, the highest, and 12% in 1996 and 1998, the lowest. It was more profitable than Dell’s PC products. Dell had reasons to pursue bigger market share in this market. Critics thought that Dell did not have robust products and was not getting help from Microsoft and Intel in terms of getting the quality of stuff and that Dell had no strength in reliability, serviceability, availability and manageability. However, that does not mean that Dell cannot acquire supports from Microsoft and Inter and that Dell cannot cultivate the abilities. Dell launched Controlled Deplyment Team to improve its abilities. Service Portfolio It contributed $2 billion to Dell’s 2000 revenues and was an increasingly important part of its portfolio. Dell had strength in speed, costs and prices. It can leverage the strength to expand the service portfolio. Of course, it is limited by other products Dell can sell. It cannot be separate from Dell’s products. If it was separated, the workers would spend time and money to study other competitors’ products and this would improve competitors’ service availability. International market growth The PC market worldwide was 3 times bigger than the U. S market and the workstations market worldwide was twice of the U. S market while Dell had only 25% revenues outside the U. S. It is not difficulty to understand that Kevin Rollins was particularly keen to bring Dell’s international revenues up to the U. S. benchmark. In the U. S. , Dell was the number one in PC and workstations while it was the third in Western Europe, the 7th in Asia/Pacific and the 8th in Japan. Kevin Rollins’ assumption is reasonable. Dell can be the number one in the U. S. Why can’t in other countries? It confronted almost the same competitors in foreign countries as in the U. S. Recommendation To maintain a 32% growth, we recommend a 25% growth in the U. S. and a 50% growth in the international market. Even in 2001, Dell’s growth was 26%, the lowest since 1996. Therefore, a 25% growth in the U. S. is reasonable. From 1998 to 2000, Western Europe market grew by 26%, 88% in Asia/Pacific, 78% in Japan, 52% in Latin America and 39% in the rest of the world. So an expected 50% growth in the international market is practical. Dell should expand high-end servers and external storage market by leveraging its cost advantages, high velocity and good executions. In addition, it should aggressively expand in international markets, focusing on Germany, China and Brazil. To get bigger shares in high-end servers and external storage, Dell can ally with Microsoft and Intel. They already had cooperation and allies in PC and workstations. The homework is just to expand these allies to high-end servers and external storage by negotiations. Even it can consider a merge or purchasing with EMC so EMC can contribute the technology and expertise and Dell can contribute the sales channels, low costs, and excellent executions. Dell also needs to allocate more budgets to RD to develop â€Å"robust products†. We recommend increasing the budget for RD to 3% from 1. %. The market segment is small and mid-size companies. EMC’s products are too expensive. Dell can target this market by offering much cheaper and a little storage solutions. Low costs and prices are Dell’s strength. On the other hand, the sufficient growth in the market can bring profits to Dell. To expand in the international markets, people are the key. Why didnt Dell play the best in foreign countries as it did in the U. S? The answer should be that the management teams in foreign countries were not competent in those markets. Probably they were very good in the U. S. ut not in foreign countries due to languages and cultures. Dell should launch a program to recruit and train more competent managers who are natives in foreign countries and know their markets very well and let them work in the U. S. to learn Dell’s culture, values, and management skills, and then relocate them to their homelands to take management positions. In addition, aggressive marketing in these markets is important, more sales people, more advertising, more promotion and more distributors, if applicable. Projected Income Statement ($ in millions) 2001 Forecast Basis 2002 2003 2004 2005 Net Sales 31888 132%*2001 sales 42092. 16 55561. 65 73341. 38 96810. 62 Cost of Sales 25445 80%*2002 sales 33673. 73 44449. 32 58673. 1 77448. 5 Gross Profit 6443 8418. 432 11112. 33 14668. 28 19362. 12 SGA 3193 10%*2002 sales 4209. 216 5556. 165 7334. 138 9681. 062 R 482 3%*2002 sales 1262. 765 1666. 85 2200. 241 2904. 319 Special Charge 105 Operating Income 2663 2946. 451 3889. 316 5133. 897 6776. 743 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Average Total liabilites growth 36% 53% 35% 27% 38% Profit margin on sales 5% 1% 8% 8% 7% 1% Operating income on sales 9% 8% 5% Sales growth 52% 47% 59% 48%

Stakeholder management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stakeholder management - Essay Example Stakeholder management is a central part of any organisation. Stakeholders act as agents, sponsors and partners in the business strategy and change process. Stakeholders include the customers, employees, suppliers, creditors and the society in general. Stakeholders interests differ from those of the shareholders thus organisations should balance the two conflicting interests in order to ensure long term growth and survival of the business. This paper will discuss stakeholder management at Unilever and how the stakeholders have responded to the approach. Stakeholder management at Unilever Introduction Stakeholder management ensures that all those affected by the decisions of the company are considered in the decision making process (Huber & Pallas, 2006). Examples of stakeholders include the employees, the government, the suppliers, creditors, trade unions, customers, and the general community. On the other hand, shareholders are the real owners of the business since they have provide d the capital thus their major interest is maximise their wealth through increased profitability and share prices. According to the modern stakeholder management theory, managers are considers as agents of the stakeholders. Stakeholders may be individuals or constituencies that contribute either directly or indirectly to the wealth creation activities of the firm and who also act as potential beneficiaries or risk bearers depending on the strategic decisions made by the management. Stakeholder management is therefore geared at developing and implementing organisation-wide practices and policies that address the needs, concerns and goals of all relevant stakeholders (Huber & Pallas, 2006). One of the leading companies in stakeholder management is Unilever. The company’s brands aim at assisting billions of people improve their health and wellbeing. Some products include affordable bathing soaps, ice creams and luxurious shampoos that care for the households. Some brands such as Lifebuoy, Omo, Blueband and Sunlight have attained global recognition and customer loyalty. Sustaining close relationships with stakeholders is one of the priorities of Unilever. The management of stakeholders involves building and strengthening relationships with all stakeholders through identifying the stakeholders’ needs and monitoring the changing needs. The company has implemented the Sustainable Living Plan that enables the company identity the needs of the stakeholders, diverse tastes and provides information on new products (Kazmi, 2008). The company operates consumer care lines, websites and campaigns that aim at collecting information from consumers. The company has strengthened relationships with the civil society and local governments through engaging the governments on matters such as nutrition and public policy. Unilever has partnered with non-governmental organisations such as Oxfam, UNICEF and World Food Programme in improving the hygiene, sanitation and acce ss to clean drinking water thus satisfying the interests of the local communities. Unilever has addressed the interests of the direct stakeholders such as the customers, suppliers, employees and market partners. For instance, employees receive fair salaries, bonuses and commissions for their efforts in the organisation. Unilever treats all employees with dignity and respect and ensures individual interests are aligned with the overall strategic objectives of the organisation. Employees are assisted with credit facilities such as mortgages, short term loans and sick leave pay that also extend to the immediate dependants. The company has improved the working conditions through implementing properly documented health and safety policies and procedures that aim at reducing work related accidents. The job design and career growth opportunities aim at ensuring all workers attain self esteem and self actualization through exploiting their full potential. For the suppliers, Unilever has bus iness policies that ensure equality in

Personal achievement or talent essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal achievement or talent - Essay Example The most important effect of these values is good leadership, the core foundation of scouting, which has given me the knowledge and ability to lead my peers. Leadership is not just about telling people what to do, but about guiding teammates with positive attitudes, regardless of whether the situation is a sporting game or everyday life. I have already applied these leadership skills within my high school baseball teams and when working summer jobs. The importance of leadership and teamwork were impressed on my from the beginning of my scouting days. Through hard work and dedication to my troop, I became one of the youngest Patrol leaders at age thirteen. This position came with many responsibilities. I experienced having to provide meals for an entire patrol and their dads at the monthly campouts. The tricky part about cooking in the wilderness is you do not have the same equipment you may find in a kitchen. Additionally, no processed meals are allowed at the campouts; everything is made from scratch. The entire meal is a process, from finding firewood to preparing the uncooked food. In other words, cooking is a group endeavor. As patrol leader, I assigned younger and older scouts to do the various tasks, and ensured everyone worked together. I had to learn quickly how to lead, or my patrol would have failed and broken down. In 2009, I became an Assistant Scoutmaster, the last position a Scout must hold before he can transition from a Life Scout to an Eagle Scout. In this position, my leadership duties grew. Instead of just one small patrol, I was put in charge of approximately two hundred people at a summer camp. I had to oversee various activities, not just cooking, and make sure everybody got along. One of the other great things Scouts taught me is the necessity and beauty of diversity. In this large number of people, there were boys of many different races and with many different religions. Learning how

FORBIDDEN FRUIT A story by Fazil Iskander Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FORBIDDEN FRUIT A story by Fazil Iskander - Essay Example However one day, his sister accepts pork from Auntie Sonya and goes ahead to eat greedily as well as torture her brother Fazil by the way she eats in a tempting way. This result in Fazil’s decision to torture her as well; a plan which greatly backfires and lands Fazil the ‘perfect student’ in the wrong books of his father. Fazil begins the story with a brief exp[lanation of the muslim laws and what it forbids:eating of pork as well as drinking of alcohol.Whereas eating of pork was strictly forbidden;drinking of alcohol was allowed without any restraint. Fazil goes on to narrate about his encounters with pork and the way it made him salivate as well as burn with desire. He had endless and wild dreams, fantasies as well as imaginations about how it would feel like eating pork. Though he had several opportunities of tasting and even eating it; he never for once broke the rule. He enjoyed the sweetness of self denial which also helped him overcome the pangs of desire.Fazil usually felt morally superior to his friends and much enjoyed acting mysteriously. In their neighborhood; lived a nurse by the name of Sonya and they fondly called her Auntie Sonya. Auntie Sonya had lost her first husband in the civil war; but had been married once again by uncle Shura, whom Fazil loved very much. Fazil frequently visited their house and each time he was offered pork and refused. Thus;†they often ate pork and had offered it to me before, but I always firmly excused myself-which for some reason rather amused Uncle Shura.†This clearly shows that Fazil was very serious about his Muslim religion and would never dare violate it. One day, Fazil’s sister joined him and was offered pork. After feigning hesitation for a short moment, she accepted the sandwich and started eating it. Fazil almost choked on his own tea on seeing his sister eating the pork. Fazil’s sister enjoyed it very much and did not seem to mind if there was anything wrong with it. This on the

Muscle Stretching Exercise for Primary Dysmenorrhoea Pain

Muscle Stretching Exercise for Primary Dysmenorrhoea Pain CHAPTER-V DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS DISCUSSION â€Å"Dysmenorrhoea† is derived from a Greek word and the meaning of this Greek word is difficult menstrual flow. The two divisions of dysmenorrhoea are primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhoea is defined as recurrent, crampy pain occurring with menstruation in the absence of significant pelvic pathology. Primary dysmenorrhoea is caused by myometrial activity resulting in uterine ischemia causing pain. Primary dysmenorrhoea is characterized by a crampy, suprapubic pain and this pain starts several hours before and a few hours after the onset of menstruation. And this pain is characteristically colicky and located in the midline of the lower abdomen but sometimes the pain may extends to lower quadrants, the lumbar area, and the thighs. The associated symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, light-headedness, headache, dizziness and, rarely, syncope and fever. Age is a determinant factor of primary dysmenorrhoea, the symptoms being more pronounced in adolescents than in older women (SOGC-primary dysmenorrhoea consensus guidelines) The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. The major findings of the study were analyzed statistically and discussed below based on objectives: The first objective of the study was to identify the Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students Demographic Description It is seen that among 50 subjects, regarding the age, most of the subjects were under 20 years of old that means from 17 to 20.In respect of year of study, primary dysmenorrhoea was high in III year B.Sc Nursing students (72.84 per cent).With regard to age at menarche 54(per cent) attained menarche at and below 13 years and 46 (per cent) attained menarche at 14 years and above. Regarding their Body Mass Index, 40 (per cent) of students were 18.1 to 20 and 34 per cent of students were 20.1 and above. Agarwal, (2010) conducted an explorative survey technique with a co-relational approach to find out thethe prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescent girls from the study he concluded that primary dysmenorrhoea is a very common problem among adolescent girls. Prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students The prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students was 61.25 per cent. The prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea was high in third year B.Sc Nursing students (72.84 per cent). Shah et al., (2013) conducted a cross sectional study at nursing college, situated in campus of largest tertiary care hospital in central and south Gujarat, to find out the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea in young females. The sample size was 116. Out of 116 students, 52 (45 per cent) had primary dysmenorrhoea and the peak incidence in between 19 to 21.So the prevalence primary dysmenorrhoea is high in young female population. Such high prevalence makes dysmenorrhoea a significant public health problem among young students that demands some attention from policy makers also. Nag reported (1982) the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea in India is 60 (per cent).But the true incidence and prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea are not clearly established in India. The second objective of the study was to assess the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students. The degree of pain during primary dysmenorrhoea was measured by numerical pain scale. The investigator found that out of 50 students about 20(40 per cent) students the degree of pain was 5 and below 5, next 20(40 per cent) of students the degree of pain was from 6 to 7 and the last 10(20 per cent) students the degree of pain was 8 and above 8 that means up to 10. The degree of discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea was measured by primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort rating scale. The investigator found that out of 50 students about 11(22 per cent)students the degree of discomfort was 60 and below 60,17(34 per cent) students the degree of discomfort was from 61 to 70 and 22(44 per cent)students the degree of discomfort was 71 and above 71 that means up to 108. Banikarim et al., (1999) conducted a cross sectional research study in that he found among 705 subjects 27(per cent) had mild primary dysmenorrhoea pain, 32 (per cent) had moderate and 41% had severe primary dysmenorrhoea pain. Other discomforts that associated with primary dysmenorrhoea were fatigue (67 per cent), backache (56 per cent), dizziness (28 per cent), vomiting (12 per cent) and headache (58 per cent). Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common cause for severe disruption to the lives of adolescent girls. Therefore the health workers should educate the female girls regarding the treatment options for primary dysmenorrhoea in order to reduce the existing health and college limitations caused by primary dysmenorrhoea. Al-Kindi and Al-Bulushi revealed in their research 94 (per cent) of the participants had primary dysmenorrhoea. Primary dysmenorrhoea was mild in 21 per cent, moderate in 41(per cent) of subjects, and severe in 32 (per cent) of subjects. Primary dysmenorrhoea resulted in limited sports activities in 81 (per cent), class concentration in 75 (per cent) of subjects, limited homework in 59 (per cent) of cases, College absenteeism in 45 (per cent) of subjects, limited social activities in 25(per cent), and decreased study performance in 8 (per cent) of the affected subjects. The third objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain during primary dysmenorrhoea. The mean pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score was 5.72 and post test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 2.18 and the computed value of‘t’ was 16.09.So the calculated ‘t’ value was more than table ‘t’ value (2.021) at 49 degree of freedom, therefore the calculated ‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. It was statistically proved that muscle stretching exercise was effective to reduce pain during primary dysmenorrhoea. The mean pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score was 67.74 and post test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 45.54 and the computed value of‘t’ was 14.08.So the calculated ‘t’ value was more than table ‘t’ value(2.021)at 49 degree of freedom, therefore the calculated ‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. It was statistically proved that muscle stretching exercise was effective to reduce discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. Shahr-jerdy et al., (2012) conducted a research to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on primary dysmenorrhoea. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (n = 124) and a control group (n = 55). After muscle stretching exercise intervention the pain intensity was reduced from 7.65 to 4.88, and primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was decreased from 7.48 to 3.86(p Onur et al., (2012) assessed the effect of home-based exercise on pain intensity and quality of life in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. The sample size was 45.The data collection tools were Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), and SF-36 health survey. A standard home-based exercise intervention was instructed for all participants, and the outcome measures were re-collected during three consecutive menstrual cycles. At the end of the study VAS showed a significant reduction (P SOGC Primary Dysmenorrhoea Consensus Guidelines (2005) shows in a review of 4 randomized controlled trials and in 2 observational studies, exercise was effective to reduce primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms. A more recent research pointed out that vigorous exercises (more than 3 times per week) effective to reduce the physical symptoms related to menstruation. The fourth objective of the study was to associate the level of pain during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. The chi-square test showed that there was no significant association between the pre-test post test primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort scores with selected demographic variables such as age, year of study, age at menarche, and Body Mass Index. Weissman et al., (2004) conducted a study to explain the prevalence, course, severity, and predictive factors of primary dysmenorrhoea in women of all reproductive ages. And they did not find any significant association between primary dysmenorrhoea and age at menarche Chauhan Kala (2012) found the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea was high in low Body Mass Index ( SUMMARY Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common health problem of adolescent females. So they need further education regarding the treatment options for primary dysmenorrhoea in order to decrease the existing health and college limitations caused by primary dysmenorrhoea (Banikarim et al., 1999).Keeping in this view, the researcher aimed to conduct a study to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH college of nursing at Coimbatore. The objectives of the study were To identify the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students To assess the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students. To evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. To associate the level of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. Review of literature helped the researcher to collect the relevant information to support the study, to design the methodology and to develop the tools. The sample size was 50 B.Sc Nursing students. The one group pretest post-test was designed by the investigator to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students.50 B.Sc Nursing students were selected by purposive sampling technique. The research tool was developed and adopted after reviewing the relevant literature. The tools were numerical pain scale for measuring pain and primary dysmenorrhoea rating scale for measuring discomfort of primary dysmenorrhoea. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics based on the formulated objectives of the study. The tested and accepted the hypothesis that there is a significant reduction in primary dysmenorrhoea pain and after muscle stretching exercises. Major findings of the study The total incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students were 61.25(per cent).It shows the students had dreadful pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. According to the pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score more than half (60 per cent) of students had the pain score 6 and above 6. But in the post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score only 24 per cent of students had the pain score 4 and above 4 According to the pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score more than half (78 per cent) of students had the discomfort score 61 and above 61. But in the post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score only 30 per cent of students had the pain score 49 and above 49. Mean difference of pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score was 3.54.Mean difference of pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score was22.2. Mean score of pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 5.72,mean score of post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 2.18.It shows the subjects had a significant reduction in their pain after muscle stretching exercise intervention.(P Mean score of pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 67.74,mean score of post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 45.54.It shows the subjects had a significant reduction in their discomfort after muscle stretching exercise intervention.(P There was no association between pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort scores with selected demographic variables. CONCLUSION The following conclusion is made on the light of above findings that most of the students suffer moderate to severe pain and discomfort during menstruation. Muscle stretching exercises are the effective, simple, non-medicinal measure to reduce the pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. This research can make an awareness regarding how to manage primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort among Nursing students, College lectures and parents. Muscle stretching exercises are the effective, safe, less time consuming form of therapy for students with primary dysmenorrhoea. It can be implemented into clinical practice and health education in order to increase the quality of life for students with primary dysmenorrhoea. IMPLICATIONS: The world around us is growing very fastly. Society has tremendous technological advancement in day to day life practice to managing pain that arise from unsound body mechanism. Although the natural methods of pain control is acceptable and accessible to everyone in this world because the natural methods does not have any side effect. Therefore the health care providers have the responsibility for providing support and comfort to female adolescents during menstruation. Nursing Practice A midwife can practice planned education programme to impart knowledge and skill in management of primary dysmenorrhoea. Midwife can teach medicinal, non-medicinal, and conventional practices for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Midwifery nurses can conduct camp for school and college students regarding how to manage primary dysmenorrhoea. Understand the importance of muscle stretching exercise for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Encourage the doctors to differentiate the primary dysmenorrhoea from secondary dysmenorrhoea and offer treatment if necessary. Nursing Education This study helps the student nurses to gain more idea regarding how to differentiate primary dysmenorrhoea from secondary dysmenorrhoea. The nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to conduct research based on the other complementary therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. The nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to conduct research among adolescent girls regarding the prevalence rate and risk of primary dysmenorrhoea. Encourage the student nurses to participate in exercise progrmmes for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to educate the health professionals about primary dysmenorrhoea, its severity and its impact on adolescent health. Nursing Research This study gives guidance for further studies to conduct in this area. This is important to identify the existing prevalence rate, risk factors, and medicinal, non-medicinal, and complementary therapies of primary dysmenorrhoea. The evident from other literatures indicates more research in the area of primary dysmenorrhoea management. Nursing Administration Nurse administrator can plan and organize camp for school and college students regarding the complementary therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Programme for nurse midwives to update their knowledge regarding menstruation related complications of adolescents. Local mass media can be used to popularize muscle stretching exercise as a conventional therapy for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study was limited to B.Sc Nursing students of 17-21 years The study samples were taken from only one college The short term effect of the muscle stretching exercise only assessed RECOMMENDATIONS A similar study can be conducted in larger group to generalize the findings. A long term study to reinforce the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise can be undertaken. An extensive descriptive study to assess the knowledge attitude and practice of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls can be conducted. A study can be conducted to assess the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study we can conduct to findout the effectiveness of non-medicinal interventions for primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study we can conduct to find out the effectiveness of conventional therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. A comparative study we can conduct between medicinal and non-medicinal treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study can be conducted to know the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pre-menstrual symptoms also. ABSTRACT Title of the study: â€Å"A study to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. Objectives of the study were as follows, identify the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students, determine the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students, evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea, associate the level of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. One group pretest and post test design was adopted. Setting of the study was KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. Sample was 50 B.Sc Nursing students with primary dysmenorrhoea. Sampling technique was Non probability purposive sampling technique was adopted. The model of this study was developed from Titler et al (2004) Effectiveness model. M enstrual pain perception level was measured by using numerical pain scale and primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was assessed by primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort assessing rating scale. Muscle stretching exercise was given to the subjects five days per week about 30 min, under the supervision of investigator. Result of the study had shown significant effect of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. This is proved by paired‘t’ test. The paired‘t’ value for pain and exercise was16.09 (p

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In today’s society, one of the most natural human traits is selfishness. David Foster Wallace incorporated this idea in his commencement speech at Kenyon College in 2005. Wallace aims to persuade his audience that, â€Å"the most obvious, ubiquitous, important realities are often the ones that are the hardest to see and talk about.† Although the intended audience of his speech is the graduates and staff, along with their friends and family, the piece has become quite popular since its delivery. Wallace offers, â€Å"nothing less than the truth† and captivates the listeners with his complete honestly. His personal tone lets the audience feel like they are a part of the conversation, rather than just receiving it. Wallace successfully conveys his message that society is blind to the world around them through the use of logic, humility and emotional appeals. The speech is arranged into short paragraphs, providing an example in almost every one. Everyone is familiar with commencement speeches. They are usually used to congratulate a group of people and tend to be looking towards the future. Instead of congratulating the students at Kenyon College, Wallace challenges them. The essay opens with a metaphor about two young fish that do not realize what water is, setting the tone for the rest of the speech. Wallace proceeds to describe how completely oblivious society is to the world around us, just like the fish. Wallace supports this claim through examples within the speech. His use of examples rather than facts or statistics weakens his claim. If more facts or statistics were used his claim would become more convincing. His rationalization come in the form of the short stories that illustrate the choices people make in their everyday lives. He... ...ow the audience to visualize the event and becomes more relatable. Listeners are able to emotionally identify with the situation and reflect in order to give other the benefit of the doubt. The speech could be improved with more facts or statistics. Wallace uses rhetorical devices to create his argument, which could be seen as ironic due to his death. He attempted to influence others but struggled with an everyday battle that he could not overcome. His approach to life is understood, but maintaining that approach proves to be difficult. Through the use of dramatization and figurative language, Wallace is able to appeal the audience and leave them with the idea that, â€Å"It is about simple awareness—awareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, that we have to keep reminding ourselves, over and over: ‘This is water, this is water’†.